The future of carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: The rational regulation of graphite interphase

Interphase regulation of graphite anodes is indispensable for augmenting the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The resulting solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial in ensuring anode stability, electrolyte compatibility, and efficient charge transfer kinetics, which in turn dictates the cyclability, fast-charging capability, temperature tolerance, and safety of carbon anodes. Continuous research endeavors are deepening our comprehension of the interphasial chemistry, underscoring the imperative to refine the SEI through economically viable and scalable techniques. The ongoing advancement of surface coating techniques involving amorphous carbons or Li-ion conductors, along with electrolyte formulations optimization such as the integration of film-forming additives, has become the cornerstones in regulating the SEI. These innovations are reshaping the landscape of current LIBs by refining the electrode interphase, paving the way to construct more potent and efficient energy storage systems. The relentless drive to optimize the interphase through cutting-edge technologies is central to the future of LIBs, with the ambitious goals of achieving higher energy densities, ensuring safety, and promoting sustainability in energy storage solutions. This review affords a comprehensive overview of the progression in carbon anode development and current status of their industrialization, underscoring the critical role of interphase regulation engineering in advancing the LIB technology.