Achievements, challenges, and recommendations for waterbird conservation in China's coastal wetlands

China's coastal wetlands provide breeding, migration stopover, and wintering habitats for about 230 waterbird species, which is more than a quarter of all waterbirds in the world. Large-scale and high intensity human activities have resulted in serious loss and degradation of coastal wetlands over the past half century, causing population declines in many waterbirds. Through a literature review and expert surveys, this article reviews conservation measures taken in recent decades to protect waterbirds in China's coastal wetlands and provides recommendations for future conservation action from three aspects: policy and administration, habitat conservation and management, and multiparty participation. Over the past decades, many conservation legislation, regulations and action plans at the national level and more site-specific measures and interventions have been implemented, with notable improvement in the effectiveness in policy making and multi-stakeholder participation. Accordingly, some threats to waterbirds have been mitigated and many key sites for waterbirds have been designated as strictly protected nature reserves. However, some critical issues still remain, mostly related to habitat conservation and management, such as coastal wetland restoration, control of invasive Spartina alterniflora, control of environmental pollution, and improvement of artificial habitat quality. We highlight that protecting natural tidal wetlands and improving habitat quality are critical for the conservation of coastal waterbirds, especially those highly dependent on the intertidal wetlands. China has demonstrated strong commitment to ecological conservation and restoration for the future, in terms of both funding and policies for biodiversity and wetland ecosystems. It is important that this commitment to conserve coastal waterbirds is supported continuously by science- and evidence-based decisions and actions.