A global perspective on e-waste recycling

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the relatively fast-growing solid waste streams, with an annual growth rate of 3%-5%. Although international policies have been formulated to better limit the global transboundary movement of hazardous waste, the existence of illegal trade and “informal” recycling has exacerbated the global recycling of e-waste. At present, residents in many low-income areas are still illegally and unscientifically disposing of e-waste to profit from it. The toxic and harmful substances produced affect the global ecological environment through the geochemical cycle. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of the status quo of e-waste recycling globally. E-waste is placed into a framework, grouped by product type, quantity, composition, environmental health risk, and global impact. Management measures, legislative policies, current disposal, and transboundary movement are summarized at international, regional, and national levels, illustrating the status and challenges of e-waste collection and disposal. Techniques such as physical dismantling, component recycling, metal extraction, and re-utilization of non-metallic materials are described, which can have long-term impact on the ecosystem. We advocate that the global sustainable recycling of e-waste be supported by regional cooperation, legislative management, technology development, and eco-friendly design. This study provides a global solution for the recycling of e-waste.