AI-empowered digital twin modeling for high-precision building defect management integrating UAV and GeoBIM

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and cyber-physical systems have fostered innovative approaches to performance assessment and management of existing building stock. This study presents an AI-assisted digital twin (DT) framework for the automated and high-precision detection of façade defects in large-scale buildings. Leveraging unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for visual data acquisition, the proposed framework integrates building information modeling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS) into a GeoBIM-assisted DT environment. An end-to-end pipeline is developed for defect localization and semantic registration, in which a virtual building model and camera geometry are constructed using geographic metadata. Synthetic views are generated to simulate real image capture conditions, enabling depth-based inference of each defect’s spatial location. This facilitates the projection of defect data into georeferenced DT models. A dual-verification method combining image and geographic features is employed to eliminate duplicate detection across overlapping images, and structural context is retrieved via GeoBIM for semantic enrichment of defect information. The proposed system exemplifies the fusion of DT technologies with deep learning and cyber intelligence to enhance defect detection accuracy, resilience optimization, and timely building health monitoring. Experimental validation on a high-rise building in Hong Kong demonstrates the robustness and scalability of the framework, indicating strong potential for smart building maintenance and operation.