Title  A title should describe the article’s content clearly and precisely, and allow the reader to decide whether it would be appropriate to consult the article further. The title is the advertisement for the article – a poorly titled article may never reach its target audience, so be specific. Omit unnecessary words such as ‘A study of’, ‘Investigations of’, ‘Observations on’, etc. Do not use abbreviations and jargon. Indexing and abstracting services depend on the accuracy of the title,extracting keywords from it that are used in cross-referencing.

Authors  The listing of authors should only include those who have made an intellectual contribution to the research, who will publicly defend the data and conclusions, and who have approved the final version. The order in which the names of the authors appear can vary from discipline to discipline. In some fields the corresponding author’s name appears first.

Keyword list  This list provides the inclusion of important words, in addition to those already present in the title. Appropriate choice of keywords will increase the likelihood of your article being located by other researchers. These words are used by the indexing and abstracting services.

Abstract (Summary)  The abstract should summarize the problem, the method, the results, and the conclusions. The title is the simplest statement about the content of your article. In contrast, the abstract allows you to elaborate on each major section of the article. The abstract should give sufficient detail so that the reader can decide whether or not to read the whole article. Together, the title and the abstract should be able to stand on their own, as they are processed further by abstracting services. For this reason it is advisable not to include references to figures or tables, or citation of the reference in the abstract. Many authors write the abstract last so that it accurately reflects the content of the article.

Introduction  The introduction should be brief, ideally one to two paragraphs long. It should clearly state the problem being investigated, the background that explains the problem, and the reasons for conducting the research. You should summarize relevant research to provide context, state how your work differs from published work, and importantly what questions you are answering. Explain what findings of others, if any, you are challenging or extending. Briefly describe your experiment, hypothesis(es), research question(s), and general experimental design or method. Lengthy interpretations should be left until the Discussion.

Materials and Methods (Methods or Experimental Methods, etc.)  The key purpose of this section is to provide the reader enough details so they can replicate your research. Explain how you studied the problem, identify the procedures you followed, and order these chronologically where possible. If your methods are new, they will need to be explained in detail; otherwise, name the method and cite the previously published work, unless you have modified the method, in which case refer to the original work and include the amendments. Identify the equipment and describe materials used and specify the source if there is variation in quality of materials. Include the frequency of observations, what types of data were recorded. Be precise in describing measurements and include errors of measurement. Name any statistical tests used so that your numerical results can be validated. It is advisable to use the past tense, and avoid using the first person, though this will vary from journal to journal.

Results  In this section you objectively present your findings, and explain in words what was found. This is where you show that your new results are contributing to the body of scientific knowledge, so it is important to be clear and lay them out in a logical sequence. Raw data are rarely included in a scientific article; instead the data are analyzed and presented in the form of figures (graphs), tables, and/or descriptions of observations. It is important to clearly identify for the reader any significant trends. The results section should follow a logical sequence based on the table and figures that best presents the findings that answer the question or hypothesis being investigated. Tables and figures are assigned numbers separately, and should be in the sequence that you refer to them in the text. Figures should have a brief description (a legend), providing the reader sufficient information to know how the data were produced. It is important not to interpret your results - this should be done in the Discussion section.

Discussion  In this section you describe what your results mean, specifically in the context of what was already known about the subject of the investigation. You should link back to the introduction by way of the question(s) or hypotheses posed. You should indicate how the results relate to expectations and to the literature previously cited, whether they support or contradict previous theories. Most significantly, the discussion should explain how the research has moved the body of scientific knowledge forward. It is important not to extend your conclusions beyond what is directly supported by your results, so avoid undue speculation. It is advisable to suggest practical applications of your results, and outline what would be the next steps in your study.

Acknowledgements  This section should be brief and include the names of individuals who have assisted with your study, including contributors, reviewers, suppliers who may have provided materials free of charge, etc. Authors should also disclose in their article any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their article.

References Whenever you draw upon previously published work, you must acknowledge the source. Any information not from your experiment and not "common knowledge" should be recognized with a citation. How citations are presented varies considerably from discipline to discipline and you should refer to the guide for authors for the specific journal. Quotes that appear in the article, if long, should have their own indented paragraph. Otherwise, if they are in the natural flow of the article they should be within quotation marks. In both cases they should include a reference. The references section that appears at the end of the article includes all references cited in your article. This section is in contrast to a bibliography, common in books, where works read but not necessarily cited in the text are listed. The manner in which references are presented also varies from journal to journal and you should consult the journal’s guide for authors. The reference details are given in the list at the end of the manuscript in the following style:

Books

State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Zhonghuabencao [M]. Shanghai Science and Techonlogy Publishing Company,1999.931-934

Journals

Pettit GR, Cichacz ZA, Gao F, et al. Isolation and structure of spongisttatin 11a [J]. J Org Chem,1993,58(6):1302-1304

Patents

Tachibana R, Shimizu S, Kobayshi S, et al. Electronic watermarkingmethod and system:US, 6, 915, 001[P], 2002- 04- 25.

Standards

Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China (2005). Vol 2 [S].2005:44

References to unpublished data or personal communications should be avoided.